Genetic engineering emerged from the realization that not all genes within an organism are beneficial. This concept led to the establishment of a new branch of biology known as gene engineering.
In simple terms, genetic engineering involves the process of isolating a DNA fragment containing a specific gene from one organism and transferring it to another organism. This technique alters the DNA of an organism to create desired new traits.
Recombinant DNA techniques are collectively used to transfer these genes. By employing recombinant DNA technology, a new DNA molecule is formed by replacing a desired portion of one DNA molecule with another, resulting in what is known as recombinant DNA.
Gene cloning, also referred to as recombinant DNA technology, involves the process of creating recombinant DNA. Much of the knowledge about genetic engineering has been gleaned from research on Escherichia coli bacteria, which reside in the human intestines.
Chromosomes play a crucial role in the process of genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology. The steps involved in preparing genetic engineering or recombinant DNA include:
1. Isolating the DNA molecule containing the desired gene from the donor organism.
2. Fragmenting plasmid DNA and donor DNA using a specific enzyme.
3. Attaching the donor DNA to the cut end of the plasmid DNA using an enzyme called ligase.
4. Introducing the recombinant plasmid into bacteria through the transformation method.
5. Identifying bacteria carrying the specific gene and mass propagating them to create many copies of the gene, a process known as gene cloning.
Paul Berg is widely regarded as the father of genetic engineering for his groundbreaking work in creating the world's first recombinant DNA molecule between 1971 and 1972. Another term for genetic engineering is gene engineering.
In conclusion, genetic engineering involves manipulating DNA to create desired traits in organisms. Through the pioneering work of scientists like Paul Berg, this field has evolved significantly, offering new possibilities for scientific research and innovation.
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